U.S. Corps of Topographical Engineers
The Geography of Chaos:
William H. Emory's Images of the Texas Borderlands
NOTES
1. Richard Slotkin, Fatal Environment (1985 ed.), 43; William Truettner, ed., The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920 (Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1991), 38.
2. Cf. Truettner. Truettner and his contributors take Slotkin’s thesis and make it the driving force for all of western expansion.
3. Howard Lamar, “An Overview of Western Expansion,” in Truettner, 1.
4. Yi-Fu Tuan, “Language and the Making of Place,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers (1991: 81), 684.
5. See Donald Jackson, and Mary Lee Spence, The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont. vols. 1-3 and maps, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1970).
6. C. W. Dana, The Great West, or The Garden of the World; Its History, Its Wealth, Its Natural Advantages, and Its Future; With Statistics and Facts from Hon. Thomas Hart Benton, Gen. Sam Houston, and Col. John C. Frémont (Philadelphia, 1857), 13. For a discussion of the images contained in nineteenth-century emigrant guides see Elizabeth Johns “Settlement and Development,” in Truettner, 191-235.
7. Truettner, “Ideology and Image” in The West as America, 27.
8. William H. Goetzmann, Army Exploration in the American West, 1803-1863 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), 168, 205.
9. See Laurence Martin, Disturnell’s Map (Washington: n.g., 1937), 353.
10. Congressional Globe, 32nd Congress., 1st Sess., 24 (July 6, 1852), 1660. For a complete history of the Boundary Commission and the politics associated with it, see Goetzmann, 153-208.
11. Emory to Hames Alfred Pearce, ca. Jan, 15 1852, quoted in William H. Goetzmann, ed., Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1987), xviii.
12. William H. Emory, Report on the United States and Mexican Boundary Survey, made under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior, vol. I (Washington, 1857), xiii-xiv. Hereinafter cited asReport, I.
13. Emory, Report, I: xiii-xiv.
14. Emory, Report, I: 44.
15. Beau Riffenburgh, The Myth of the Explorer: The Press, Sensationalism, and Geographical Discovery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 12-13.
16. John Russell Bartlett, Personal Narrative of Explorations and Incidents in Texas, New Mexico, California, Sonora, and Chihuahua, vol. II. (New York, 1854), 106. Hereinafter cited as Narrative.For a complete discussion of the images in Bartlett’s narrative see J. Gray Sweeney, “Drawing Borders: Art and the Cultural Politics of the United States-Mexico Boundary Survey, 1850-53,” in D. Hall, ed.,Drawing the Borderline: Artist Explorers of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary Survey (Albuquerque: Albuquerque Museum, 1996), 35-40.
17. Emory, Report, I: 43, 75.
18. Emory, Report, I: 49, 61.
19. See Wallace Stegner, Beyond the Hundredth Meridian, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954).
20. Emory, Report, I: 47, 49.
21. Emory, Report, I: 42.
22. Goetzmann, Army Exploration, 19.
23. Emory, Report, I: 11.
24. Emory, Report, I: 84.
25. Emory, Report, I: 79.
26. Emory, Report, I: 84-85.
27. See Sweeney, 37; and Bartlett, Narrative, I: 118-119, 303.
28. Emory, Report, I: 45-46; II: 25-27.
29. Emory, Report, I: 40, 45-46, 48, 94; II: 22, 25.
30. Emory, Report, I: 25.
31. Sweeney, 33; Julie Schimmel, “Inventing the Indian,” in Truettner, 168.
32. Emory, Report, I: 64-65.
33. Emory, Report, I: 64-65.
34. Emory, Report, I: 64, 70, 88.
35. Emory, Report, I: 60-70.
36. Emory, Report, I: 61, 62.
37. Emory, Report, I: 68-69.
38. Sweeney, 56; and Bartlett, Narrative, II: 299.
39. Emory, Report, I: xv.
40. Sweeney, 33.